Back pain: Causes

Any pain in the posterior part of the trunk. Pain in the cervical spine region is referred to as neck pain, pain in the thoracic region is referred to as upper back pain, and pain in the lumbosacral region is known as lower back pain.

Aetiology: Classified by pathologies

• Traumatic -e.g.Muscle strain, joint damage, fractures, ligamentous sprains
• Structural Alterations-e.g. Scoliosis, Degenerative changes
• Inflammatory-e.g. Pancreatitis, Acute pyelonephritis, Arthritides
• Infections- e.g. Osteomyelitis, spinal abscesses, pelvic infection, Renal infections
• Degenerative- e.g. Osteoarthritis
• Hormonal- e.g. Dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome
• Metabolic Alterations- e. g. osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget disease
• Activity related: Prolonged periods of recumbency or inactivity
• Psychogenic- e. g. Stress-related muscle contraction

Classified by Anatomy:

• Disorders of the vertebral column- Disc protrusion, Fractures, Spondylosis, Spondylolisthesis, Intervertebral disc disease, Spinal stenosis, Inadequacies of the vertebral column supporting structures (e. g. Ligaments, bones), bony tumors, Scheuermann’s disease, ankylosing spondylitis, osteomyelitis, other arthritides (e.g.osteo- arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), facet joint disorders, disorders of sacrum (e. g. sacroiliitis), disorders of the coccy× (e. g. coccydynia)
• Disorders of Paravertebral muscle and/or myofascial tissue: strains, sprains, muscle spasm, myositis, inflammation of fascial attachments
• Disorders of Anterolateral Abdominal wall e. g. Trauma, postsurgical
• Disorders of Anterior Thoracic structures: see Upper back pain
• Disorders of the digestive system- Oesophageal, gastric/duodenal, pancreatic, gall bladder, intestinal, severe constipation or feacal impaction, following prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
• Disorders of urinary system calculi, neoplasms, infections
• Disorders of cardiovascular system ischaemic heart disease
• Disorders of the nervous system.

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